introduction to descriptive statistics pdf

endobj <>/Font<>>>/BBox[ 0 0 402.95 294.92] /Matrix[ 0.17868 0 0 0.24413 0 0] /Filter/FlateDecode/Length 870>> <> SPSS: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 7 The Division of Statistics + Scientific Computation, The University of Texas at Austin If you have continuous data (such as salary) you can also use the Histograms option and its suboption, With normal curve, to allow you to assess whether your data are normally distributed, which is an assumption of several inferential statistics. endobj <> et�J9��m^�ZS��6�z�f��Y]0x *��eZK�� \T32��s�xȄU.ޓ�#�� h�"D`�'B�F�!�MA�l�V�S��|猗)�P��F�Wx��OZ��Wn��`E[=K��dH�U�5��⿞HzPNŊ��>t��$5xG2#,�cWFbV�|�I ��F`�WK�Ǯ��G� ��gyM�{� ��&�A9I��F�x��+\�n �� 4)��آ$`�Ͱ�]?�-�|[��X�N�>,`ZH�z|��U,a_�>�יvD�+�9�(^�'��5p�n��|�U <> <>/Font<>>>/BBox[ 0 0 72.964 49] /Matrix[ 0.98679 0 0 1.4694 0 0] /Filter/FlateDecode/Length 281>> 2 •Introduce professor & course •Define some basic statistics terminology •Populations vs. samples •Descriptive vs. inferential statistics •Numerical descriptive statistics •Measures of location •Measures of dispersion •Short introduction to JMP They do not involve generalizing beyond the data at hand. stream E-BOOK DESCRIPTION. endobj <> endobj 23 0 obj 20 0 obj <> stream 10 0 obj endobj 6 0 obj endobj 19 0 obj <> 33 0 obj endobj x��nAE�#�zi#��c�xH,��E!�@1 ��TYbBd��9��b��T|��E��`�r%RT6g�O�V��g�I��{5=��u��b�ެ&e�7�%��u��L��Ǣ�Bj��F]��[J��%�y��R8ఈ:��i�Un��\ȕ!ܬ��љLdT��(N͂��3��GL�T�fa�4�b�� >}�0��w��5j�̑L�cW�! Introduction to Descriptive Statistics Jackie Nicholas Mathematics Learning Centre University of Sydney NSW 2006 c 1999 University of Sydney. 26 0 obj stream While descriptive statistics summarize the characteristics of a data set, inferential statistics help you come to conclusions and make predictions based on your data.. {��؍��{��3�q��U��*d��~y�� In this post you will learn about the most important… endobj provided on descriptive statistics in an earlier article, it can be used as a starting point for applying statistics in radiography practice and research. endobj Revised on January 21, 2021. The most common extension is *.csv (comma-separated value). <> Statistics for Engineers 4-1 4. 1 0 obj Some of the common measurements in descriptive statistics are central tendency and others the variability of the dataset. 43 0 obj Descriptive statisticsis a collection of methods for summarizing data (e.g., mean, median, mode, range, variance, graphs). <> Oxford University Press, Oxford (1996) Google Scholar. <> endobj An Introduction to Basic Statistics and Probability – p. 10/40. introduction to statistical analysis of laboratory data pdf, Introduction to Statistical Analysis of Laboratory Data PDF Free Download. 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Introduction As health care professionals, radiographers are commonly exposed to statistics; the application of statistics is … x�}�Mk�@E��r"d��d&�E\mh!��B��vS�F�'i�F��ǹg�E��d��4�b6��&�4�1�"5g �Z��RDŚ)��k��ޜ�GR��́A�Q��jJ,�}K�80[��˴�zmc��B��*�u�4buy�Q��c��Q��O�#��6 While descriptive statistics (see Introduction to Descriptive Statistics) allow scientists to quickly summarize the major characteristics of a dataset, inferential statistics go a step further by helping scientists uncover patterns or relationships in a dataset, make judgments about data, or apply information about a small dataset to a larger group. 42 0 obj 39 0 obj endobj endstream endobj 27 0 obj endobj 3 0 obj Descrip-tive statistics is used to say something about a set of information that has been collected only. 12 0 obj REVIEW ARTICLE An introduction to descriptive statistics: A review and practical guide Gill Marshall*, Leon Jonker Faculty of Health, Medical Sciences and Social Care, University of Cumbria, Bowerham Road, Lancaster LA1 3JD, UK endstream Published on July 9, 2020 by Pritha Bhandari. x��AK1��9��$�ـl�k� ��z�?�l�J[�49e�|��k�B_1�W�Th��*z��`�$�v1�CE��{��):��e`��Z��eG��*S��-d�T��P��6��g�cx��Y��|�7��K��f!�`��rH��9[�,૖��$��׺)(~��/�TO�qR��wӞ��v ދ:$��sgÌ�_��&��Im��hi�)��/"�5�ɐt6z��O�a�T?��z �r�� Descriptive statistical analysis helps us to understand our data and is very important part of Machine Learning. endobj These ballots from an election are rolled together with similar ballots to … descriptive statistics, summarizing data both in table and graphical form. endobj x��OO�0��h#՝��hY�*q@BI�h٤�E��Vq�.9d潙��F��b 44 0 obj 41 0 obj endstream endobj <>/Font<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 44 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 5>> x��Mk1��9&�qf�x�ł��B�C�*{�j�m�b˪��x6a4Çh��1Bd��(� �� Bw6��H�$L�c��N�Q.E��9�6��10��3Y �d��HiP�R,լ�}UW��ڽ}�.�U]�J�5�ځ~��A�iJo�9�b0��Ć�T��aU{�U]|ib��E�P�:K/M��"�'�;k��U�Z��,_9Z��`DcO5�>bSEsi꠨�2��*� 7��xn�#g��M�yg�O��}U�[�]�)Y�[>6 %PDF-1.5 ��v��΂�[3� 2�&=k}��C�*��?|��C��2q/�ݹ�'��c�,f�e*��\��;�)��~Z��y��/[�0?a5ܶSy�]n 30 0 obj <> <> <> 2 | IBM SPSS Statistics 23 Part 1: Descriptive Statistics Introduction SPSS stands for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.This program can be used to analyze data collected from surveys, tests, observations, etc. endobj 25 0 obj <> AN INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS STATISTICS . It can be numbers, words, measurements, observations, or even just descriptions of things. ,�*ʦ�Tb��ߋ�,�&VK�/�� <> <> 32 0 obj Discrete data are not measured in fractional units. ��(-�=�\�E)$)N(��D�z�͛�7�&g�͛��aoߒwG��.Ma�1ƅ`�X��V�T>M��e�|8�\�ӄ��Gk�g*0��&�ӄO ��m�w ��(x^�B@@#�i�3DiA� �R��&��i�]�s��#_�﫜�̯��c�*"o��.�eFz��BXZ��+��b�y��W�b�ğ�5�'\f�2w�&�e��.��"��H��.�Ɣ ��ܦ�y�$��y�OݷRQg5�iQ��iLۃ��dTV�Ah�uA��X�=+L;�j+A��,i:��ݸnf�4�� 7��d�4V;=��P�D��h�h�Zkt�Z��&"i9��z=#�!�(#(�D��y�i��ROb��`N��N�?6�T4��H^P��Y�}>�р ��'"��W�(��T��JDY� �� [ 40 0 R] <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 15 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 2>> %�� 4 0 obj 1 0 obj <> <> Introduction to Descriptive Statistics When you have large amounts of data, you will need to organize it in a way that makes sense. Data is separated by comma, tab or space. <> Descriptive statistics are just descriptive. A data set is a collection of responses or observations from a sample or entire population.. <> h�p��0r�""��H ��D�䋐,D$L,�UZ�QM��-�� DU�,��s�%:|u*t2V-A%!iTfQI��J��:��mok�&��Jҍ�}sW ް�8��u�EF��Ӝ��kƶB�J�n�Ry�#��s��Y(��Dñ��|�Eu�q�T�*N-�A:Bv��p�Vߗn��6V�T��*��x��(G\��.1�|^�0�?e��ٟ�a9L�QR5�|��{��_y^��p�ǔ(�\r�� C�7t�&t�ѿĐ�Mr�&o`�lp�N޷�rYd�j^�(=�`'��J�R oɄ7+�tЩ��@�T��f�C��E�e�[��ot1;��)?�h�M��s��|��X0J��H�[�H*�D.q$�9R��t�:5�4��i�ؓl�oT��M�*��U��2o�k�.��5�G��1`��S$�b`,��@Mv8��&��^�-+0U{�Pb�5�BѨ4�"�1K�n�,�� Pը�Cz�Cт��R��T�3��o��b*!��'�d�|Ta��}:^��(�e>�#{�q3�8�>ݧ�[��=�HqÓ!k�&^�u��eԣb�Fz��-9e�59��ʔo Probability Distributions The probability distribution for a random variable X gives the possible values for X, and the probabilities associated with each possible value (i.e., the likelihood that the values will occur) endobj 31 0 obj endobj 13 0 obj A lot of people skip this part and therefore lose … <> endobj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 22 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 3>> Inferential statistics and the calculation of probabilities require that a normal distribution is given. endobj <> <> A bar graph is one way to summarize data in descriptive statistics. 3 0 obj 40 0 obj endobj Introduction to Statistics is a resource for learning and teaching introductory statistics. endstream The rest is new. endobj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 8 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> <> ��R�*p�e,-`"��Io�(�?�%�5@Zo��^�*�Wr�ˁ�?�� Ǻ+��T��ͪ��K�u L[��9e[�w��Z$��BֶrX�T̖��"r�. Descriptive statistics summarize and organize characteristics of a data set. endobj Introduction. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Basically, data are two types: constant and variable. Statistics has a significant part in the field of data science. Descriptive statistics are procedures used to summarize, organize, and make sense of a set of scores or observations. <> Introduction to Descriptive Statistics | 3 Types of data 5. Data (plural) are measurements or observations that are … 5 0 obj 15 0 obj Data are a collection of facts such as values or measurements. <> An introduction to descriptive statistics. <> CONTENTs Introduction Chapter 1 Basic Concepts in Statistics 1.1 Statistical Concepts 2 1.2 Variables and Type of Data 5 1.3 Sampling Techniques 12 1.4 Observational and Experimental Studies 17 Chapter 2 Organizing and Graphing Data 2.1 Raw Data 32 2.2 Organizing and Graphing Qualitative Data 33 2.3 Organizing and Graphing Quantitative Data 47 Chapter 3 Numerical Descriptive Measures Introduction to Statistical Analysis of Laboratory Data presents a detailed discussion of important statistical concepts and methods of data presentation and analysis. 22. 28 0 obj Inferential statistics is used to make predictions or comparisons <> endobj Quantitative variables vary by amount, can be continuous or discrete, and are measured in numeric units. x��U�n�0��?�j��|H��G�46�CЃ�:AZ�N�A��KIIDǒ��$�fg�ˡ �S��'��@��!��3 Zi��HP�g5��,�l8��u�!\=��m��˳�y�'� -)l��L��Z��edd:@ The remainder of the book describes most of the statistical tests that you will need for an introductory course in This is due to Machine Learning being all about making predictions. 18 0 obj endstream Introduction to Statistics Descriptive Statistics Types of data A variate or random variable is a quantity or attribute whose value may vary from one unit of investigation to another. 8��t/y��IJ�`%B�VU�ݞ@�gO�{ �N�'yv�gpv5�� P^x�a��ZI�N O0�Ǽ�:ϳ;��eU�n>Pl .%kW��-KN��'�+�cN:~�U �lS�M,mB��ǒ�m�~��kuW3�f�x�a3U|nv��|U/��ǧJ$Х��d��%�4#�D��P�b�8Btv��e��kV ��M%�C�V�B��_��w��UH��k�X� �#�zg��TO|}�)-��:��:R6��Tq��]q�� l��(��iH�}��4��H�;t*ҕ��n�� Acknowledgements Parts of this booklet were previously published in a booklet of the same name by the Mathematics Learning Centre in 1990. c�n�z]Yu��R�� G�6��P�1̀��A�a�� (��@qN-d�7�e��R횏��C��60Ջ��}X�3\z��X�W�w/�?/4V�X�b-М��e�C�LpTa��۔��fe5�:��% �vn4Q �g��J��lS.ges"D6��paN��Aa0�*�͑��$5��&��k��=��f�R�KC]`[բ�,�a��/��I�1YU"��T��q:b@}fH~B��l�w�s�=�ć�&�'!w:_)=�(�SA��@M�~�`uֱ�(�F�|� ]5�A��A!��^#�ֵ�:��_��m�#�$tV/�,D|+�u��q�-f�P�0|[��{�_m�Z��ц��1��v��l3 16 0 obj Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were conducted. An introduction to inferential statistics. Revised on December 28, 2020. ��of�s��y��v%�9�Z��]��nز��Y�`5!�W3gW��Xp*�2��i�z�f@��7A�ˋz��i; Y�=��к�� (��"}`_�u��Jk}K*��'ժ��cxO��XF��o�D4��c~�%d��I�`�#��=Nj�]mٱ� ^�&��2��٣ɬ�:g�[Q?ee��ď_�l�%�uP ��ϫ#㴄*R� The purpose of the present lecture notes is to provide its readers with a solid and thorough, though accessible introduction to the basic concepts of Descriptive and Inferential Statistics. endobj Published on September 4, 2020 by Pritha Bhandari. INTRODUCTION Statistical analysis is the process by which numerical data obtained by scientific inquiry are transformed into a useable form for scientific inter- pretation. stream endobj 21 0 obj 2 0 obj <> x�m�OK�P��X��yI��Ф��ŀ��Hړ�||�Q#��-�K�T�5d�º��$'"�(� 7�k�t?ǙIq�ֈD�%:ΙvL�40�X�L�Ja�$�c��Ȥt`y��ڧ3��L�Y��ho�6ɣ��z4U��0a�wqzcJ�/�Jb�}�fj�L]��,4+Q!> �lIw Reasons for paying attention to data description • Double-check data acquisition • Data exploration • Data explanation . Practically any statistical software can open/read these type of files. stream Descriptive Statistical Analysis helps you to understand your data and is a very important part of Machine Learning. <> ��(RYS�ի��ґK�U��Ѕ�E 38 0 obj Source: NIH.GOV. Article Download PDF CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar. It basically describes how large samples of data look like when they are plotted. endobj [ 27 0 R] ʀuVY��MT��yv.>H,�\:��߯��^^�_��+L��1sG�GB�*ۄ�6�ъ!�S'� endobj Results: The study participants had a mean age of 48.4 and a mean BMI of 32.5, and were predominantly non-Hispanic White (86.3%). endobj 11 0 obj The normal distribution is one of the most important concepts in statistics since nearly all statistical tests require normally distributed data. <> <> endobj �~q�m��64w��QܿT�s�qD۹@;��*Z)x��\9! endstream 35 0 obj �*p��=��lS1��n9��w�սt��p~�~�� ǻ4�4�Z��=��7�e�� ;�>:��7V��|n�.�c�q�_�2��;��׷��1o�1��r=5P��@�]O� <> <>>> 45 0 obj 24 0 obj endobj 4 0 obj 6 PART I INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Discrete variables are measured in categories or whole units and are not measured along a continuum. This involves manipulation of data for describing characteristics studied (descriptive statistics) and transformation of the data to help infer conclusions from the data (inferential statistics). endobj 7 0 obj endobj <>/XObject<>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 33 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 4>> It helps us in the collection, analysis and representation of data either by visualisation or by numbers into a general understandable format. endobj 14 0 obj �M!L#�hJ�S ��Z��Fo�!d��'T�x�;r�� 7�g�)�y��ك ʇ�oa��F�}j��"��:~TԂ��6Kd�,��e26��LӲ��,��,��l��.Eb%��5��$>��&��-�@��M[M�ݭ��\�伓\��{�H�Im�QŎ�W�۵I��H��Y�� & ԰;��M��KJ�!��C��uަJA��|�Gc��nj�k��eҀ�/��5�4p��gt��a�RWH%]��>��`�w�N>��s2zDp@�Ν� !��y�Zڄ��rI��\�i�P��Q��sEP��aj*�� Je*�r,v�I{ѭDR�R��[��"��S��3��fmzs&�3�� E�&�i3ʔ��ʰ��t,�D]�e��Qu۲B�|ZY�-��C�#��컟'��lȾ��N.�C�%N�[��O�B�9y� ve@~��q�H�`H�h�ϛ��"�I��V�o�y�J|��kvyMe�A��jJ��c��i�A�ы~��'��̾��,7�(&�@��DX��vyl��K4�{�(UI�mS�Q��)��Q�*i�ǧ��-��T0f|�� \��й�ǜw��.�N��+bn��Ԧ�=��l;Gr��$;�Zx0(PvO19�U�a��+H�k�]�O�0�E]~/��٧ށݎ��^�4U�C�j�.��xCW��c�;��7�Nc�)��R��BƴN��v)� x��Z[�۶~��@�I>�Պ�� @��EP�E�C�ٖc��=��gfHɒ%�JP��B�f�3�\ȇ7e��M�^�zxS��f�n�Ǉ��S��{�9˓:+�ׯُ�޲�? <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> For example, the units might be headache sufferers and could use descriptive statistics to describe your sample, including: Sample mean Sample standard deviation Making a bar chart or boxplot Describing the shape of the sample probability distribution. endobj stream Any statistical package can read these formats. A. EdmondsonAdvanced biology: statistics. Introduction to Descriptive Statistics 17.871 Spring 2015 . 37 0 obj endobj endobj 8 0 obj M. BlandAn introduction to medical statistics (3rd ed. It is sometimes called the “bell curve“ or the “Gaussian curve“. endobj stream 23. 17 0 obj &r@bvs��çսD#f�xvt�*��N��)R3E��f2��2��B��y�r�,�l�g�)�*\UR��"T>�|"�^o`�W&ՅE��!��ن��?��~��P\�ߑe��)Ԩ�4Iyt>I�)�� 6Q�Rx��]�zRGD*��j+�1�-�x��{q��S6��6��U-�^܎��nl2��wE��/�+��Pa�ِ�ʇ�p|7�ˁ?�.�Y\�6��(Z.ڛO�V��gK9p�KچB�W(�Ï��b0>��0|�0�)W��#Mx��#�b��8S��M�w�;�z�8�m�*�#��\#�]"�w��i��[�s�׹ٙhԡ�g��C��+�La��D��{J�.�K��u��b�ٞ�� !��ݦ,m��`��s��xަ\��m�OY�D4��Y]��\>��0��v�zC��Re��3.�y�'��e�t��B߾��R��T�]1�bZ��c��(�1u��1�i��L9��3:UqDoS��5��'��̌v9?�`|�. 9 0 obj Descriptive Statistics 1.1 Descriptive vs. Inferential There are two main branches of statistics: descriptive and inferential. stream ��W>�x�� endobj Doing a descriptive statistical analysis of our dataset is absolutely crucial. ioc.pdf Descriptive Statistics (DS) Descriptive statisticsare numbers that are used to summarize and describe data. endobj Key measures Describing data Moment Non-moment based location parameters Center Mean Mode, median In Descriptive statistics you are describing, presenting, summarizing, and organizing your data, either through numerical calculations or graphs or tables. On the other hand, statistics is all about drawing conclusions from data, which is a necessary initial step. x��VMO�@�[�أ�Ȳ߻�� endstream Descriptive statistics are typically presented graphically, in tabular form (in tables), or as summary statistics (single values). 34 0 obj endobj 29 0 obj 2 0 obj This basically means, that if your data is not normally distributed, you need to be very careful what statistical tests you apply to it since th… Another type of extensions are *.txt for tab-separated data and *.prn for space-separated data. 36 0 obj ��%�|m�B�*K�7�1�LFd��kS��*L��u`�۵o�N)XVٓEa+c�)lW1o�A� �.y4�� Q�8ӌ��gUrDH�#�u^@��6{��B�r Available formats: •Delimited. [ 11 0 R] <> %PDF-1.5 endobj <> 01 | Introduction & Descriptive Statistics Mon 02.03 Included in this dataset: Categorical Variables (burrito name, location, reviewer) Variables which denote groups or categories Quantitative Variables (cost, Yelp score, volume, “flavor synergy”) Variables with which mathematical operations can be performed Bonus dichotomy: Discrete (Yelp score, “flavor synergy”) Continuous (cost, volume) %�� endobj Generally, we divide statistics into two main branches which are Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics. endobj 7 <> 22 0 obj The term descriptive statistics deals with collecting, summarizing, and . <>>> Statistics emerged in the context of the analysis of (nowadays large) data sets from observational and experimental measurements in the Natural Sciences. endobj stream endobj There are two major divisions of statistics such as descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. �F��1��\��)�'c��R|d��܁�p6ʄHڳ��C��&v. 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